National Parks of Taiwan

In the eyes of most people, crabs may be nothing more than a dish, but to Hung-chang Liu, assistant professor in the Department of Ecology at Providence University, crabs are so important that they shouldn’t be treated as such.

Liu’s research into crabs dates back to 1988, when he was fascinated by an article in World Geography Magazine describing the spectacle at Christmas Island, Australia, where tens of millions of land crabs travel from land to sea to lay their eggs. Later in 1994, he accompanied foreign scholars to Kenting National Park (KTNP) to collect samples. There they found the presence of as many as 20 species of land crabs within just one hectare of land.

Pleasantly surprised by this land crab paradise with rich and diverse ecological resources, Liu soon threw himself into the research on land crabs and has remained consistent all along for nearly 20 years.

Unlike well-known protected species whose data are more complete, basic research into land crabs is still sparse in Taiwan, and efforts had to be multiplied in the collection of their biological information.

Backed by his decade-long research, Liu noted that the rainy season marks the peak of breeding season for land crabs in Kenting, and different species visit the sea to lay eggs at different times.

Commissioned by Kenting National Park for a research project on land crabs, Liu’s research team had to, in addition to the monthly field trips, quarter for two weeks in Kenting following the full moon. They patrolled tidal flats repeatedly after the sunset and counted every single female land crab traveling from coastal forests to bear her eggs on the shore.

As the egg-laying time differs considerably among different species of land crabs, Liu had to adjust his schedule accordingly. He used to conduct research all alone, carrying arduously all sorts of heavy gear of up to 20 kg in the dead of the night and walking between the rugged and bumpy uplifted coral reefs and the dark coasts with great drop height, not to mention the many close calls he survived.

But his all-out effort eventually paid off. Over the years, he has identified 4 new species and 6 new record species of land crabs (see Note 1) within KTNP. Moreover, Liu and his team recorded 6 families and 30 species (see Note 2) of land crabs in KTNP in 2009, setting the world record for the most diverse species of land crabs found in the habitat of coastal forests.

Of Taiwan’s forests, the coastal forests in KTNP’s Banana Bay are most akin to tropical forests. The ground of the forests is covered by uplifted coral reefs that offer plenty of hiding places, while inside the forests are springs offering abundant sources of fresh water. These conditions make the coastal forests a perfect dwelling place for land crabs, whose shells are devoid of wax and are thus susceptible to water loss. It’s thus no wonder as many as 6 of the world’s 20 species of Gecarcinidae land crabs and 3 of the world’s known 4 species of Genus Geograpsus can be found here, which makes Banana Bay the world’s most diverse known habitat of the creatures.

However, habitat destruction, fishing by humans and climate change have threatened the very survival of land crabs. Among these factors, fishing by humans has proven most devastating for large land crabs. In particular, the mass hunting for crabs in 1998 still makes Liu’s heart sore whenever he talks about it.

In 1999, a gambling type of fishing on the giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) caught on in central Taiwan, thus increasing the need for the baits--- large land crabs. Back then some bait merchants offered NT$50 for each such crab; therefore, the lucrative deal led to the mass hunt and trade of tens of thousands of large land crabs in Hengchun Peninsula within just two weeks.

Compared to sea crabs, which take only a year or two to mature, leaf-eating land crabs grow a lot more slowly. Large land crabs, in particular, need 4 to 5 years to reach maturity and 15 to 20 years to reach their maximum size. The mass hunt in 1998 nearly wiped out the entire population of large land crabs. Fortunately, the local residents ceased the hunting and KTNP put a strict ban on crab hunting; therefore, the crab’s population and average size were gradually restored.

Liu’s life has been closely intertwined with land crabs for over 22 years. He also once stood up for soldier crabs (Mictyris brevidactyius Stimpson, see Note 3) to protect their habitat from destruction of industrial development. Though he eventually failed, some like-minded people joined the force, and KTNP is just one of them.

In 2003, KTNP initiated an activity designed to escort land crabs across the roads. This event takes place before and after the full moon during the summer months. Besides controlling the traffic on the highway during these times, the police put up warning signs at Banana Bay to alert drivers to slow down and to yield to mother crabs.

After years of public education, the scene of people catching and selling crabs has been replaced by the sight of local ecological tourism providers guiding visitors along the highways to observe land crabs breeding. To Liu, it’s heartwarming to witness such a change.

Unlike the majority of Liu’s contemporaries who throw themselves into the popular biotechnology, Liu committed himself to the cause of land crab protection. He also noted that starting this year, more effort will be put in the conservation of land crabs on the coastal area in western Taiwan. By doing so, he hopes to see more land crabs roaming the area one day.

(Note 1) The 4 new species include the two tree-dwelling tree crabs and Scandarma lintou. Both move about on plants and eat shoots, leaves, fruits and bugs and usually don’t leave the trees so as to shun their enemies.
(Note 2) These include the Chiromantes obtusifrons, which were found for the first time in Taiwan, and Neosarmatium fourmanoiri, which appeared for the first time in KTNP.
(Note 3) Mictyris brevidactylus, or soldier crabs, live on tidal flats.